A conservative friend of mine recently complained.
Loudly and with great passion.
My friend said that a certain person should just "Get the f%@& out of the country!"
My curiosity was piqued, so naturally I asked why they thought that the person should leave the country. His response was, "They said that racism is enshrined in the U.S. Constitution and that's bullsh*t!"
My curiosity was piqued even more, so I decided to actually read the U.S Constitution. In its original form there are two relevant passages in Article 1 and one in Article 4.
Article 1, Section 2: "Representative and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states [...] according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons."
To elaborate, this section says that for purposes of determining how many representatives each state gets in the House of Representatives:
- free people count as a whole person
- indentured servants count as a whole person
- Indians don't count
- slaves count, but only as three fifths of a person
Note that section 2 wasn't modified until the 14th Amendment (1868), at which point 21 year old males were allowed to vote and people (except Indians) count for apportionment. It wasn't until the 19th amendment (1919) that women got the right to vote and the 26th Amendment (1971) that the voting age was changed to 18.
Article 1, Section 9: "The migration or importation of such persons as any states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year 1808, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person."
To elaborate, this section says that congress
cannot prevent states from bringing in more slaves until 1808. Until then they may impose an import duty of $10 per slave.
Article 4, Section 2: "No person held to service or labor in one stat, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on a claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due."
In other words, slaves who have escaped to free states must be returned to their owners. This clause wasn't modified until the 13th Amendment (1865) when slavery was abolished.
In summary, racism was and still is enshrined in the constitution (Article 1 Section 9 still stands after all...). Its constitutional vestiges are mostly historical at this point, but its societal impacts are still very real.
This does not mean that as a white man you're to blame for this history, but it does mean you have to understand this history and not perpetuate further racism.